The Flux of Atmospheric Water Vapor over the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico

1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 778-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan L. Hastenrath
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
The Caribbean

scholarly journals Climatological moisture sources for the Western North American Monsoon through a Lagrangian approach: their influence on precipitation intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Ordoñez ◽  
Raquel Nieto ◽  
Luis Gimeno ◽  
Pedro Ribera ◽  
David Gallego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
North American ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Lagrangian Approach ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Upper Level

Abstract. This work examines the origin of atmospheric water vapor arriving to the western North American monsoon (WNAM) region over a 34-year period (1981–2014) using a Lagrangian approach. This methodology computes budgets of evaporation minus precipitation (E−P) by calculating changes in the specific humidity of thousands of air particles advected into the study area by the observed winds. The length of the period analyzed (34 years) allows the method to identify oceanic and terrestrial sources of moisture to the WNAM region from a climatological perspective. During the wet season, the WNAM region itself is on average the main evaporative source, followed by the Gulf of California. However, water vapor originating from the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and terrestrial eastern Mexico is found to influence regional-scale rainfall generation. Enhanced (reduced) moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from 4 to 6 days before precipitation events seems to be responsible for increased (decreased) rainfall intensity on regional scales during the monsoon peak. Westward propagating mid- to upper-level inverted troughs (IVs) seem to favor these water vapor fluxes from the east. In particular, a 200 % increase in the moisture flux from the Caribbean Sea to the WNAM region is found to be followed by the occurrence of heavy precipitation in the WNAM area a few days later. Low-level troughs off the coast of northwestern Mexico and upper-level IVs over the Gulf of Mexico are also related to these extreme rainfall events.

scholarly journals On the origin of moisture related to synoptic-scale rainfall events for the North American Monsoon System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Ordoñez ◽  
Raquel Nieto ◽  
Yolande L. Serra ◽  
Luis Gimeno ◽  
Pedro Ribera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
North American ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract. This work examines the origin of atmospheric water vapor arriving to the North American Monsoon (NAM) region over a 34-yr period (1981–2014) by using a Lagrangian diagnosis method. This methodology computes budgets of evaporation minus precipitation by calculating changes in the specific humidity of thousands of air particles advected into the study area by the observed winds. During the NAM wet season, on average the recycling process is the main water vapor source, followed by the supply of moisture from the Gulf of California. However, the water vapor transport that generates synoptic-scale rainfall comes primarily from the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and terrestrial eastern Mexico. An additional moisture source over the southwestern US is also identified in association with synoptic rainfall events over the NAM region. A high (low) moisture supply from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico from 4 to 6 days before precipitation events is responsible for high (low) rainfall intensity on synoptic scales during the monsoon peak. Westward propagating mid to upper level inverted troughs (IVs) seem to favor these water vapor fluxes. A 200 % increase in the moisture flux from the Caribbean Sea is related to the occurrence of heavy precipitation in the NAM area, accompanied by a decrease in water vapor advection from the Gulf of California.

scholarly journals Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with MIR and LASE

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1211-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Wang ◽  
P. Racette ◽  
M.E. Triesky ◽  
E.V. Browell ◽  
S. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water

scholarly journals New Gridded Product for the Total Columnar Atmospheric Water Vapor over Ocean Surface Constructed from Microwave Radiometer Satellite Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2402
Author(s):  
Weifu Sun ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Yuheng Li ◽  
Junmin Meng ◽  
Yujia Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Optimal Interpolation ◽  
Fusion Product ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Better Than

Based on the optimal interpolation (OI) algorithm, a daily fusion product of high-resolution global ocean columnar atmospheric water vapor with a resolution of 0.25° was generated in this study from multisource remote sensing observations. The product covers the period from 2003 to 2018, and the data represent a fusion of microwave radiometer observations, including those from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS), WindSat, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System sensor (AMSR-E), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), and HY-2A microwave radiometer (MR). The accuracy of this water vapor fusion product was validated using radiosonde water vapor observations. The comparative results show that the overall mean deviation (Bias) is smaller than 0.6 mm; the root mean square error (RMSE) and standard deviation (SD) are better than 3 mm, and the mean absolute deviation (MAD) and correlation coefficient (R) are better than 2 mm and 0.98, respectively.

scholarly journals ARIS-Campaign: intercomparison of three ground based 22 GHz radiometers for middle atmospheric water vapor at the Zugspitze in winter 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 1979-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Straub ◽  
A. Murk ◽  
N. Kämpfer ◽  
S. H. W. Golchert ◽  
G. Hochschild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Noise Temperature ◽  
Rotational Transition ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Transition Line ◽  
Applied Physics ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
University Of Bern

Abstract. This paper presents the Alpine Radiometer Intercomparison at the Schneefernerhaus (ARIS), which took place in winter 2009 at the high altitude station at the Zugspitze, Germany (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2650 m). This campaign was the first direct intercomparison between three new ground based 22 GHz water vapor radiometers for middle atmospheric profiling with the following instruments participating: MIRA 5 (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), cWASPAM3 (Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau) and MIAWARA-C (Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern). Even though the three radiometers all measure middle atmospheric water vapor using the same rotational transition line and similar fundamental set-ups, there are major differences between the front ends, the back ends, the calibration concepts and the profile retrieval. The spectrum comparison shows that all three radiometers measure spectra without severe baseline artifacts and that the measurements are in good general agreement. The measurement noise shows good agreement to the values theoretically expected from the radiometer noise formula. At the same time the comparison of the noise levels shows that there is room for instrumental and calibration improvement, emphasizing the importance of low elevation angles for the observation, a low receiver noise temperature and an efficient calibration scheme. The comparisons of the retrieved profiles show that the agreement between the profiles of MIAWARA-C and cWASPAM3 with the ones of MLS is better than 0.3 ppmv (6%) at all altitudes. MIRA 5 has a dry bias of approximately 0.5 ppm (8%) below 0.1 hPa with respect to all other instruments. The profiles of cWASPAM3 and MIAWARA-C could not be directly compared because the vertical region of overlap was too small. The comparison of the time series at different altitude levels show a similar evolution of the H2O volume mixing ratio (VMR) for the ground based instruments as well as the space borne sensor MLS.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor by ground-based microwave radiometry

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 6877-6886 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scheiben ◽  
A. Schanz ◽  
B. Tschanz ◽  
N. Kämpfer
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Time Periods

Abstract. In this paper, we compare the diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor as measured by two ground-based microwave radiometers in the Alpine region near Bern, Switzerland. The observational data set is also compared to data from the chemistry–climate model WACCM. Due to the small diurnal variations of usually less than 1%, averages over extended time periods are required. Therefore, two time periods of five months each, December to April and June to October, were taken for the comparison. The diurnal variations from the observational data agree well with each other in amplitude and phase. The linear correlation coefficients range from 0.8 in the upper stratosphere to 0.5 in the upper mesosphere. The observed diurnal variability is significant at all pressure levels within the sensitivity of the instruments. Comparing our observations with WACCM, we find that the agreement of the phase of the diurnal cycle between observations and model is better from December to April than from June to October. The amplitudes of the diurnal variations for both time periods increase with altitude in WACCM, but remain approximately constant at 0.05 ppm in the observations. The WACCM data are used to separate the processes that lead to diurnal variations in middle-atmospheric water vapor above Bern. The dominating processes were found to be meridional advection below 0.1 hPa, vertical advection between 0.1 and 0.02 hPa and (photo-)chemistry above 0.02 hPa. The contribution of zonal advection is small. The highest diurnal variations in water vapor as seen in the WACCM data are found in the mesopause region during the time period from June to October with diurnal amplitudes of 0.2 ppm (approximately 5% in relative units).

scholarly journals Nonlinear analysis of the occurrence of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenice Rojo-Garibaldi ◽  
David Alberto Salas-de-León ◽  
María Adela Monreal-Gómez ◽  
Norma Leticia Sánchez-Santillán ◽  
David Salas-Monreal
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Nonlinear Analyses ◽  
The North ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Hurricanes are complex systems that carry large amounts of energy. Their impact often produces natural disasters involving the loss of human lives and materials, such as infrastructure, valued at billions of US dollars. However, not everything about hurricanes is negative, as hurricanes are the main source of rainwater for the regions where they develop. This study shows a nonlinear analysis of the time series of the occurrence of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea obtained from 1749 to 2012. The construction of the hurricane time series was carried out based on the hurricane database of the North Atlantic basin hurricane database (HURDAT) and the published historical information. The hurricane time series provides a unique historical record on information about ocean–atmosphere interactions. The Lyapunov exponent indicated that the system presented chaotic dynamics, and the spectral analysis and nonlinear analyses of the time series of the hurricanes showed chaotic edge behavior. One possible explanation for this chaotic edge is the individual chaotic behavior of hurricanes, either by category or individually regardless of their category and their behavior on a regular basis.

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